整理/王璟瑄 制圖/李晗

為學(xué)日益，為道日損

　　求知要一天比一天增加，求道要一天比一天減少（偏見(jiàn)和欲望）?！盀閷W(xué)”是指知識(shí)和學(xué)問(wèn)的積累，因此要做加法，以求廣博豐富；“為道”是對(duì)世界普遍法則的領(lǐng)悟，因此要做減法，去除一切世俗偏見(jiàn)和個(gè)人欲望，做到無(wú)知無(wú)欲，進(jìn)而達(dá)到“無(wú)為”?！盀榈廊論p”也是老子主張的治國(guó)理政基本原則，即制定政策必須簡(jiǎn)化易行，盡可能不干擾民眾的自然生活。這是道家“無(wú)為”理念的體現(xiàn)。

Pursue Knowledge by Adding; Pursue Dao by Subtracting

　　Pursue knowledge by adding more each day. Pursue dao by subtracting some (bias and desires) each day. "Pursuing knowledge" refers to the accumulation of knowledge and wisdom, hence it uses addition to broaden and enrich. "Pursuing dao" refers to the understanding of universal principles, hence it uses subtraction to eliminate all bias and individualistic desires to get rid of unhealthy knowledge and undesirable wishes, which in turn achieves "non-action". Pursuing dao through subtraction is also a basic principle of governance advocated by Laozi. That is, established policies must be simple and easily implemented, and interfere as little as possible with the natural lives of people. This exemplifies the Daoist concept of "non-action".

引例

　　為學(xué)日益，為道日損。損之又損，以至于無(wú)為。無(wú)為而無(wú)不為。取天下常以無(wú)事，及其有事，不足以取天下。（《老子·四十八章》）（求知要一天比一天增加，求道要一天比一天減少。減少再減少，直至達(dá)到“無(wú)為”的境地。如果能夠做到“無(wú)為”，任何事情都可以做成。治理天下的人，要保持清凈而不干擾民眾，如果施政繁苛、干擾民眾，那就不配治理天下。）

　　In pursuing knowledge, add more each day. In pursuing Dao, subtract some (bias and desires) each day. Subtract and subtract, until you achieve "non-action". If you can achieve "non-action", you will be able to do anything. Those who govern the land must always do nothing that interferes with the people; if they interfere with the people through burdensome policies, they are not fit to govern the land. (Laozi)